Annotated Bibliography 8

             Bradley, John R. "Saudi Arabia's Invisible Hand in the Arab Spring." Foreign
     Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations, 13 Oct. 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2012.
     <http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136473/john-r-bradley/
     saudi-arabias-invisible-hand-in-the-arab-spring>.

Bradley’s article explains how the country of Saudi Arabia plays a big role in the many uprisings that have occurred in the Middle East. The Saudis use tanks and their own military to put down the protests and chaos that occurs on the streets of countries such as Bahrain and Tunisia. Organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood have sided with Saudi Arabia, since it is against the government of Syria. The author stresses in the end that if the countries of the Middle East desire democracy, then they should be evaluating the influence of Saudi Arabia. The source does have some bias against Saudi Arabia and how it manipulating the countries in the Middle East. However, it does do a good job of how Saudi Arabia has had a massive influence over the Arab Spring. The article is one a different topic than what I’ve read so far, but it has given me a new view of the big influence Saudi Arabia has over other countries in the Middle East.

Annotated Bibliography 7

        Jones, Toby Craig. "Saudi Arabia Versus the Arab Spring." Raritan 31.2 (2011): 43,59,164. ProQuest Research Library. Web.

In this article, Jones describes the position Saudi Arabia has taken against the Arab Spring. According to Jones, Saudi Arabia is desperate to crush the rebellions and protest that are taking place in the other countries of the Middle East. Saudi Arabia wants to preserve the system that is already in place in all of these countries, since uprisings in neighboring countries is a threat to its own system of government. This article describes Saudi Arabia’s methods “perilous” and definitely puts its government in a negative light. Although the primary focus of this source is the efforts of the Arab Spring, it also sheds light on how power hungry Saudi Arabia really is and helps in my assessment of the royal family. The article helped me learn more about Saudi Arabia and how it interacts with other countries to make itself always come out first.

Annotated Bibliography 6

         Roberts, Andrew. "How the Queen Saved and Soothed Britain." Wall Street Journal: A.13. National Newspapers Core. Feb 09 2012.

Andrew Roberts explains how Queen Elizabeth II has actually made a difference with her reign even though many of her critics claim she does not have a vital role in the country. He says that the Queen’s personification of stability throughout Britain’s tumultuous history has prevented “social and political unrest”. The manner in which the Queen has presented her views on situations occurring in her country as well as others has helped appease the emotions of the common people. The article is definitely biased in favor of the British monarchy, but it gives a viewpoint of how the Queen is directly affecting world situations. This is an effective source because it has a strong point of view rather than laying out the queen’s life in general.

Annotated Bibliography 5

        Lacey, Robert. “Great White Queen.” Monarch: the life and reign of Elizabeth II. New York: Free Press, 2002. Print.

           In this chapter of Monarch Robert Lacey gives examples of how Queen Elizabeth II has become the queen of the people. Papa New Guinea is a country that in fact approached the British Empire itself and asked Elizabeth II to be their Queen. Because of the influence she has as head of the Commonwealth, Elizabeth II has aided Margaret Thatcher, a previous prime minister, in affairs with foreign countries when she has not been comfortable. Although many times Elizabeth works “on the sidelines”, her diplomatic and social skills have helped many times to get the job done. This source is helpful because it gives specific examples of how Elizabeth II is truly loved by many people, even those in other countries.

Annotated Bibliography 4

        Lacey, Robert. “September Again.” Monarch: the life and reign of Elizabeth II. New York: Free Press, 2002. Print.

         Lacey explains in this chapter that although Queen Elizabeth II may not have that much political power, she is still gaining respect and love by many people. Even though she and her family are seen as the biggest celebrities, Elizabeth II holds true to the idea of setting a positive example for the world. She stays connected with the people through in many ways including “Investitures”, ceremonies in which she personally awards citizens for their heroic actions. She also is a very busy lady politically, meeting with government officials and going over official documents on a day to day basis. This chapter is a useful source since it expresses how devoted Elizabeth II is to her people and her country.

Analysis of "The Liberal Impulse in Saudi Arabia"

In his article, “The Liberal Impulse in Saudi Arabia”, Richard Dekmejian outlines the origins and the journey of the movement called Saudi Liberalism. Also known as the Liberal Trend, this movement brings together people who desire for reform in the monarchial system of Saudi Arabia, such as modernization, human rights, and the people’s ability to participate in the political system to name a few. Although various groups of people held demonstrations in favor of a more liberalized Saudi Arabia, the government sought out to quiet down the movement and to slowly fade it away during the early 90s. However, Dekmejian argues that after the attacks of September 11 in 2001, Saudi Arabia came under a lot scrutiny from the world, and at this time the liberals took advantage of the situation.

Saudi Arabia had overlooked many of the conflicts in its country before 9/11, but was forced to look them in the eye after the events. Crown Prince Abdullah was under a lot of pressure in the public and sought to consider a more reformist idea in his government. Dekmijian describes that Abdullah desired to demonstrate “to a critical world his commitment to greater openness in Saudi society” (404). While Abdullah and the rest of the royal family were struggling to restore their image, the Liberals organized their movement and came up with a specific vision. The Liberals sought after a change in the government that included more justice and decided to base it of off what is said in the Quran. The author explains, “The Vision statement sets a general standard to measure the quality of governance derived from a fundamental principle of Islam” (405). With ideas such as the “shura”, a representative council in which members are elected by the people, Dekmijian stresses that the Liberals outlined a systematic change in the monarchial government that would include more democracy.

In addition, Dekmijian claims that the Liberal movement in here to stay and already the royal family has been taking action to reform in the changing times. The liberal movement doesn’t seek out to completely overthrow the royal family and replace it with an entirely different system of government. They simply want the people’s voice to be heard in the decisions it makes as well as to become more modernized and respect the rights of the citizens. An example of the royal family’s efforts to reform include when “on April 5, 2003, the Prince announced his decision to form two separate human rights organizations, one consisting of government officials and the other comprising citizens outside the regime” (410). The royal family knows that the liberal movement is not going anywhere and therefore is willing to makes changes in order to remain legitimate.

Although the Liberal movement still has much to accomplish, Dekmijian’s statements hold truth that it will remain relevant in the times to come. They organized themselves at a time when they knew the government was vulnerable and now are continuously making the effort to create modifications in their country.

Analysis for "Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia"

     In the article “Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia”, Joseph Nevo analyzes the Saudi royal family’s use of religion to legitimize their existence in the country they have ruled over for so long. He argues that the royal family has used the religion of Islam to create a national identity for Saudis: to practice Islam and be loyal to the House of Saud. The government has established that practicing Islam is the defining factor of all Saudis. Nevo specifically makes the strong argument that the royal family has used Islam for its benefit, since Wahabism, the dominant sect of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia, emphasizes the idea that religion and state are linked.

            The Saudi government utilizes Islamic principles to its core to demonstrate to the people that their faith is the dominant factor of their country. As Nevo points out “The Saudi constitution is the Quran, and the shari’a is the source of its laws” (2). By avoiding the Western idea of separation of church and state, the Saudi royal family goes the roots of Islam to make sure that every citizen experiences it in their everyday life. Every rule and the way they conduct themselves goes back to their religion. In addition, Saudi public schools place a great emphasis on studying Islam. The author describes, “About a third of the elementary schools’ curriculum is religious studies, and together with Arabic they make up more than half the curriculum” (2). The Saudi government instills the identity of being Muslim in children from the moment they start to learn and comprehend. Although they make sure Islam is at the foundation of all the people, the government goes one step further to make them understand the necessity of being loyal to the ruling dynasty.

            Perhaps Nevo’s most eye-raising claim is that the royal family manipulates and uses the muftis, distinguished scholars of Islam, for legitimizing their own rule. However, when thought about, this idea does not seem surprising after all. The muftis are greatly respected by the Saudi kings and the rest of the family but mostly only if they give fatwas (legal opinions) for their betterment. Nevo states, “The ruling house let them exercise power and responsibility in many domains as long as they interpreted and construed Islamic tradition in a way that would serve the interests of the royal family and glorify its image” (5). Even though what the muftis declare may not be in accordance with the correct teaching of Islam, they still agree to say anything for the royal family since they earn more respect and take pleasure in climbing up the social ladder.

            The unification of Islam and the royal family is something that the government wants the people of Saudi Arabia to embrace as their national identity. The two crossed swords on the Saudi flag symbolize “the bond between the House of Saud and Islam” (9). The idea of the intertwinement of religion and state is the primary thought the government desires for its people to have. Nevo concludes with the thought that anything that could put the Saudi regime in danger is also a threat to Islam. Through his argument, Nevo is able to persuade the reader that through religion a royal dynasty is able to maintain its power.